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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2014 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 2 | Page : 58-63 |
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Radiographic evaluation of the quality of root canal obturation of single-matched cone Gutta-percha root canal filling versus hot lateral technique
Randa Suleiman Obeidat, Hassan Abdallah
Department of Dental, Ministry of Health, Prince Hamzeh Hospital, Amman/Kamaleyyih, Amman, Jordan
| Date of Web Publication | 19-May-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Randa Suleiman Obeidat
Department of Dental, Jordanian Ministry of Health, Prince Hamzeh Hospital, Amman/Kamaleyyih
Jordan
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1658-5984.132717
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate radiographically the quality of root canal filling in mesiodistal and buccolingual view when comparing matched cone condensation and warm lateral Gutta-percha condensation using system B heating instrument in a low-heat warm lateral condensation technique in0 vitro. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 mandibular premolars with straight single canals were divided into two groups with 20 each. The root canals were shaped by hand file and Revo-S rotary files to size (25, 0.06) at the end point, then they filled by Gutta-percha cone and meta-seal sealer. In group A, a single matched cone technique was used to fill the root canals. In group B, a hot lateral condensation using system B instrument at 101°C was performed. Result: The result of this study showed no significant difference in density of Gutta-percha fill in apical and coronal two-third when comparing matched cone root canal filling and hot lateral technique (P > 0.05). The only significant difference (P < 0.05) was in matched cone between buccolingual and mesiodistal view in the coronal two-third. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, single matched cone technique has a good density in the apical one-third as that of the hot lateral technique so it may be used for filling narrow canals. In the coronal two-third of the root canal, single matched cone technique showed inferior density of root canal filling which can be improved by using accessory cones Gutta-percha in wide canal. Keywords: Root canal filling, single matched cone condensation, warm lateral Gutta-percha condensation
How to cite this article:
Obeidat RS, Abdallah H. Radiographic evaluation of the quality of root canal obturation of single-matched cone Gutta-percha root canal filling versus hot lateral technique. Saudi Endod J 2014;4:58-63 |
How to cite this URL:
Obeidat RS, Abdallah H. Radiographic evaluation of the quality of root canal obturation of single-matched cone Gutta-percha root canal filling versus hot lateral technique. Saudi Endod J [serial online] 2014 [cited 2023 Mar 22];4:58-63. Available from: https://www.saudiendodj.com/text.asp?2014/4/2/58/132717 |
| Introduction | |  |
The purpose of root canal obturation is to produce a three-dimensional hermitic seal of root canal system, with the aim of preventing infection or re-infection of the root canal by producing apical seal between the root canal and the apical tissues. [1],[2] Sundqvist et al.[3] suggested that one of the goals of the root canals filling is the entombment of the remaining bacteria and their toxins within the root canal system. Entombing of bacteria within the root canal system should result in all remaining bacteria being sealed by root canal filling in dentinal tubules, lateral canals, apical ramifications and isthmuses to prevent their communication with the periradicular tissue. [4]
The development of rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) instrument did improve the efficacy of root canal preparation as well as filling technique. Moreover, rotary NiTi files improve working safety, reduce working time, decrease canal transportation, producing a predictable centered preparation even in curved canals and produce a well-shaped tapered canal from coronal to the canal terminus. [5],[6],[7],[8]
Despite of many technique has been used for three dimensional obturation of the root canal, cold lateral condensation of Gutta-percha is still the most widely accepted as a benchmark against which other root canal filling technique may be compared. [9],[10],[11] One major advantage of these technique is the ability to control the length of fill, simple and reliable that can be applied to most cases. [9],[12] However, this process is time-consuming and has the potential to place a lateral force on canal walls lead to vertical root fracture. [13]
In an effort to improve the quality of obturation of the canals, Schilder [14] developed warm vertical compaction of the Gutta-percha by using a heated spreader and pluggers to obtain a greater density of root canal obturation material. Although more homogenous filling was produced, voids were still present between increments of thermoplasticized Gutta-percha. [15] Gutta-percha cone are now produced to match the taper of canal prepared with 0.04 or 0.06 rotary instruments. Large tapered Gutta-percha cone can be used with a warm vertical compaction or with cold lateral. [16] The matched taper single cone technique has been used for obturation of curved canals. [17] Single cone technique performed with conventional sealers has been perceived to be less effective in sealing root canal than warm Gutta-percha vertical compaction technique. [18]
Martin described the use of endotech thermal endodontic condenser [19] in a warm lateral obturation method that combines the apical control of cold lateral condensation and the homogeneity of warm vertical condensation. Kersten, [20] when comparing the leakage of four filling technique found the endotech warm lateral produced significantly less leakage than lateral condensation. The heat can be carried to the Gutta-percha in the canal by a variety of ways included flame or electrically heated carriers like system B heat source. This device has the advantages of accurate temperature control, as well as different diameter plugger tips to accommodate a variety of canals widths. Nelson et al. [21] found that, warm lateral condensation of Gutta-percha using system B resulted in a significant increase in density by weight when compared with standard cold lateral condensation.
The aim of this study was to evaluate radiographically, the quality of root canal filling in mesiodistal and buccolingual view when comparing matched cone condensation and warm lateral Gutta-percha condensation using system B heating instrument in a low-heat warm lateral condensation technique in vitro.
| Materials and methods | | |
Forty caries free extracted human mandibular premolars teeth were used. Inclusions criteria were roots with fully formed apices, narrow apical foramina and single root canal that is patent at its apical foramen. The extracted teeth were obtained through random selection from special dental clinic. The reason for extraction was orthodontics, or periodontal disease. Teeth were stored in distal water before use. They were randomly divided into two groups of 20 each.
The canal length was visually established by placing a size 15K file (Ffmm. Pneumat, France) into each root canal until the tip was visible at the apical foramen. The working length was determined to be 0.5 mm short of the apical foramen. Apical patency was maintained throughout instrumentation using size 15K file. All the root canals were instrumented using the crown-down technique with rotary Revo-S instruments (Micro-Mega, France) as instructed by the manufacture. The coronal portion of the root canal was flared using Gates-Glidden bur size 1-3. Standardized method of root canal preparation and obturation was undertaken by a single operator to reduced variation in the final result.
During instrumentation, 2 ml of 1% of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution was used for irrigation between each file. The irrigant solutions were delivered via a 27-gauge needle (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) that was inserted into canal until resistance was felt. Before obturation, the teeth were irrigated with 5 ml of NaOCl, followed by 10 ml of 15% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution (Meta Biomed Co., Ltd. Korea) and then a final rinse of 5 ml NaOCl to remove the smear layer. Instruments were lubricated with Endo prep gel (Terkameb Co., Ltd. Poland). After finishing the preparation, the teeth were rinsed with a distilled water to neutralize the effect of irrigant solutions that may interfere with the setting of the sealer. The root canals were dried with absorbent paper point taper 0.06 size (25) to be ready for the filling.
Obturation procedures
Group A: Matched cone root canal obturation
A size (25, 0.06) taper Gutta-percha cone (Meta Biomed Co., Ltd. Korea) was tried in the canal and then trimmed if necessary to give tug back at the working length. The cone was then coated with Adseal root canal sealer (Meta Biomed, Korea) and then placed slowly into the canal to full working length. Excess Gutta-percha was removed from the canal entrance using a fine-medium system B (Sybron Endo Corp. Orange CA, USA) plugger.
Group B: Warm lateral condensation
In this group, system B heating instrument at 101°C (the lowest setting) was used. A size (25, 0.06) Gutta-percha cone coated with Adseal root canal sealer was tried into the canal. A fine medium heat carrier tip was attached to the system B handle then the activated tip was slowly inserted into the Gutta-percha with sustained apical pressure until resistance was felt, usually to within 3-4 mm of the working length. The tip was allowed to cool for 5 s, rotated to disengage the Gutta-percha and removed from the canal. The Schilder hand spreader size 11 was immediately placed to the working length and pressed laterally against thermoplasticized Gutta-percha. Fine medium accessory cone were used to complete the obturation and excess Gutta-percha was removed with heated plastic instrument.
In order, to allow the complete set of the sealer, all the specimens were wrapped in moistened gauze and stored in a sealed container at room temperature for one week. After this, each tooth in each group was radiographed mesiodistally and buccolingually [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. To reduce variability, all specimens were prepared and filled by one operator.
Assessment of the obturation
The method used to read the radiographic films were the visual inspection using magnifying glasses by one of the operator to avoid inters examiner variation in reading the radiographs. The quality of obturation was determined separately for apical one-third and coronal two-third of each canal for both techniques. Then data were collected for good and poor quality. Filling with good quality was characterized as a well-condensed filling that obdurate the entire canal and well adapted to the canal walls with no voids (internal or lateral). On the other hand, canal with poor quality was characterized as inadequately or poorly condensed with voids (internal or lateral). Data were collected and submitted for analysis.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using (Epi-info) statistical software (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, USA). F-Fisher test was used to examine the difference in quality between the two methods. P value was set at 0.05 and the level of significance at 95%.
| Results | | |
The result of this study showed no statistical significant difference in quality of root canal obturation between the single matched cone Gutta-percha filling and hot lateral Gutta-percha condensation (P > 0.05). In the apical one-third of the root canal, both techniques showed good quality canal filling in buccolingual and mesiodistal views with no statistical significant difference (P > 0.05). Although, single matched cone Gutta-percha filling produced an inferior density in the mesiodistal view with more voids especial laterally in the coronal two-third of the root canal but this was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The only significant difference was in single matched cone between the (buccolingual) and the (mesiodistal) in the coronal 2/3 of the root canal (P < 0.05).
[Table 1] shows frequency as well as a percentage of root canal of good density of both techniques in the mesiodistal view while [ [Table 2]] shows those with good quality in buccolingual view. F-fisher test was used to examine the quality of the obturation. All statistical significance was set at (α =0.05).
| Discussion | | |
In the present study, the method used to evaluate the quality of root canal obturation is the visual inspection of the obturation material by the use of radiographs. Radiographic studies have a number of limitations imposed by the orientation of the tooth and the angulations of the X-ray beam which can result in an acceptable radiograph appearance of a poorly condensed or adapted root filling. [22] Clinical assessment of root fillings is restricted to the use of radiographs, usually in the buccolingual plain; in this study radiograph were taken into planes (buccolingual and mesiodistal) in order to provide a better reflection of the quality of the obturation and to overcome the limitation of the radiograph. Whole extracted teeth were used in our study to improve the reliability of the investigation by simulating the clinical situation. Smear layer were removed because many studies have suggested that thermoplasticized Gutta-percha can adapted better to prepared dentin.
Despite the lack of evidence, it is generally accepted that the volume of Gutta-percha should be maximized and the volume of sealer should be minimized within the root canal. [23] The single-cone technique consists of a single Gutta-percha cone filled at room temperature with sealer layer thickness that varies, depending on the adaptation of a single cone to the canal walls. [4] Single cone obturation has not been well-regarded because of the use of large amounts of sealer; porosities in large volume of sealer, setting contraction and dissolution of the sealer are the main disadvantages of the technique. With the widespread use of the rotary NiTi instruments, matched-taper Gutta-percha cones developed and the single-cone technique has become popular again. In the present study, single matched cone produce a denser fill as that of the hot lateral technique especially in the apical one-third of the root canal. This result is expected because the purpose of heat component used in hot lateral is only to thermo soften the Gutta-percha, not to remove the bulk of it, then to condense it laterally.
A root canal filling should prevent the penetration of micro-organisms via root canal into the periradicular tissues and block the portal exit to the periapex for the organisms that, even after instrumentation and disinfection have survived. [24] Occasionally, there are voids in the root filling. Voids inside filling materials (internal voids) could be consider less clinically relevant because bacteria, if present, confined in an unfavorable environment. Voids along the canal walls (external and combined voids) are caused by the presence of a gap between the filling material and dentinal walls and may jeopardize the outcome, because they are in contact with potentially infected canal walls. Furthermore, they represent a gap that may promote the failure of the sealer to leakage. In this study, internal voids were present more in hot lateral technique especially in the coronal two-third of the canal [Figure 1]. This was due to entrapment of air between the increments of Gutta-percha. While lateral voids present more in single matched cone especially in the coronal two-third of the canal in the mesiodistal view [Figure 2]. | Figure 1: Hot lateral technique with internal voids in the mesiodistal view on the right side of the film
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Single matched cone technique with lateral voids in the mesiodistal view on the left side of the film
Click here to view |
This is the first investigation between hot lateral condensation and single-matched cone Gutta-percha obturation using the radiograph. System B, has recently gained popularity as the heating instrument of choice for Buchanan's continuous wave of condensation. [25] Although advocated for warm vertical condensation, its use in a warm lateral condensation has a merit. A temperature of 101°C, which is the lowest setting available in system B, was used instead of 200°C recommended in warm vertical technique. Nelson et al. [21] compared quantitatively the density of stander cold lateral condensation and warm lateral condensation using system B heating instrument in a lower heat and he weighed the blokes before and after obturation, he found that warm lateral condensation of Gutta-percha using system B resulted in a significant increase in density by weight when compared with stander cold lateral condensation. Mckissock et al. [26] used the leakage test to compare in vitro the sealing ability of continuous wave of condensation technique and the sealing ability of single cone technique. He found that, the active Gutta-percha glass-ionomer-based single-cone obturation technique demonstrated statistically significant higher leakage rates than a continuous weave of condensation.
Tasdamire et al. [27] compared the percentage of Gutta-percha filled area in the apical third of root canals after filling with single cone technique and cold lateral condensation. He reported that, single-cone technique yielded significant higher percentage Gutta-percha filled area than lateral condensation (P = 0.046) at 2 mm level. At 4 mm level, the percentage Gutta-percha filled area was greater with lateral condensation but this difference was not significant. Inan et al. [28] reported that, the results of matched taper single cone obturation was comparable with those of lateral condensation and thermafil technique in terms of apical seal using fluid infiltration methods. These results are in agreement of our study, single matched cone technique produce a denser fill of Gutta-percha as that of hot lateral technique with no significant difference (P > 0.05) in apical 1/3 of the root canal in both views.
In the present study, hot lateral condensation was as better as single-matched cone Gutta-percha obturation in terms of radiographic quality from the buccolingual view. Furthermore, the buccolingual view suggested a denser fill than the mesiodistal view. This was not unexpected, because buccolingual width of teeth is usually greater than the mesiodistal width. Hence, there is more filling material to absorbed X-ray from buccolingual aspect than from the proximal side. Single matched cone technique produce a more-dense fill in the buccolingual view than the mesiodistal, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05) especially in the coronal 2/3 of the canal. These result confirmed that, the radiographs exposed clinically do not reflect to the proximal view that more accurately reflect the degree of obturation. [20]
| Conclusion | | |
Within the limitation of this study single matched cone technique has a good density in the apical one-third as that of the hot lateral so it may be used for filling narrow canals. Matched cone showed inferior density in the coronal two-third of the root canal that can be improved by using accessory cones Gutta-percha in wide canal. Single matched cone technique is simple and may be indicated in round canal teeth.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
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